The knowledge structure of athletes refers to the information and knowledge that supports performance in athletics. Here, athletics does not refer to sports in general, the customary meaning of the word in the United States. I use the term as it is used internationally: athletics means track and field. Therefore, an athlete is one who participates in the sport of athletics. Track events include runs (sprints, middle distances, long distances, marathons, hurdles, cross country and relays) and walks. The field events include jumps (high jump, long jump, triple jump, and pole vault) and throws (hammer throw, javelin throw, discus throw, and shot put). In addition, my use of the term athlete refers to someone who participates in officially sanctioned events, not to the casual walker, jogger, or runner. Intended Users of This Bibliography The purpose of this resource list is to represent, in summarized form, the structure of track and field athletes' knowledge. The list is intended as a resource for my student- colleagues, at Emporia in the Rockies. I hope it leads to an understanding that athletes have a large and complex structure of knowledge. Some of the documentary sources of this knowledge are listed in the bibliography. I hope that it will also be useful to my student-colleagues in their professional lives as they respond to the information needs of their clients. Scope of the Bibliographic Search While the core of the bibliography is track and field, the boundaries are somewhat fuzzy. For instance, several resources are about the Olympics. The Olympics comprise more than just track and field, to be sure. However, running, jumping, and throwing were the center of the original ancient Olympian Games and have remained the center of the modern Olympic Games. In addition, more resources about running are available than there are for jumping and throwing, probably because running has become so popular in the U.S. It was difficult to decide which running resources to include and which to leave out, ie. which ones were more appropriate for the athlete as opposed to those which were designed for the serious, but non-athlete, runner. I tried to include what I thought to be key resources for running, but recognize that running deserves a separate bibliography. This bibliography was assembled by a non-athlete with the help and advice of student-colleagues, sports librarians, athletes and others knowledgeable about athletics. I owe thanks to classmate, Lily Acosta, who referred me to the Olympic Training Center Resource Center in Colorado Springs. This library, and helpful staff, was a rich source of information. I started my research at my local public libraries: Jefferson County Public and Denver Public. Both yielded many resources in several media and formats. I was able to find what I wanted without much assistance. Useful search words included: track and field, athletics, decathlon, field event, heptathlon, hurdle race, pentathlon, race walk, relay race, running, steeplechase, and trials. I also did searches online (using track and field and athletics as search terms) and discovered several athletics Web sites. I was fortunate to find The Worldwide Internet Track and Field Information and Discussion Listserver (t-and-f mailing list) which opened the door to contact with athletes and other serious followers of the sport. As a non-expert, I found these contacts to be essential to discovering the structure of athletes' knowledge. I subscribed to the t-and-f mailing list and posted this request: "How do athletes become knowledgeable about tack and field and how do you stay up to date on the sport? I am a non-athlete who is compiling a list of track and field resources for a grad school library class assignment. Would anyone be willing to tell me what you use (including this mailing list) as knowledge resources? What books, magazines, newspapers, organizations, online services, people, etc. do you rely on? Also, why do you consider each of your resources to be useful, reliable, and authoritative?" I received about fourteen replies, the majority of which were very brief, but useful, lists of magazines (always at least Track & Field News) web pages, and listservers. However, two subscribers, Chris Kuykendall and Ward Nicholson, sent me their own lengthy, annotated bibliographies. Both are long-term, serious followers of the sport who have read extensively on the topic of track and field. Therefore, with their permission, I have relied on their expertise and have woven many of their annotations into my bibliography, citing each as author where applicable. Browsing in bookstores was of hardly any use in my search. Most of the sports books available in stores are about commercially popular sports such as baseball, basketball, and football. Elements of the Knowledge Structure of Athletes Athletes' knowledge is practical knowledge which is demonstrated in athletic performance (Wilson, 8). All the elements in the structure of athletes' knowledge are aimed at running faster, jumping higher, or throwing farther. Athletes obtain much of their athletic knowledge by submitting to coaching, by observing other athletes, and by competing in athletic events. Athletes' observation of other athletes is also extended in time and space by the use of documentary sources in their monitor system (Wilson, 37). The monitor system would include items consulted regularly, such as magazines (particularly Track & Field News) and listservers. Backing up the practical, demonstrable knowledge of athletes are vast reserve and advisory systems containing documentary sources which provide the technical and theoretical knowledge of importance to athletes. The reserve system consists of sources "irregularly or never used but still known to be available for use" (Wilson, 37). The advisory system consists of personal and documentary advisors, connected with a licensed profession (Wilson, 38). Reserve and advisory systems documents may pertain to: track and field records/statistics, sports psychology (both personal and social), coaching/training, biomechanics, sports medicine, aesthetics of sport (sport as performance art), sports management, sports law, sociology of sport, the organization and management of meets, the architecture and design of sports arenas, reporting of athletic events, history of athletics, athletes' biographies, sports nutrition, athletic sponsorships, athletic scholarships, rules and governing bodies, sports marketing, sports agents, and athletic wear and equipment. The information from many of these areas, which an athlete needs in order to build athletic knowledge (ie. increase skills), is distilled through the athletic coach. The coach, in turn relies upon the coach's own monitor, reserve, and advisory systems. Scope of the Bibliography In compiling this annotated list, I have attempted to represent as many of the elements of the monitor and reserve systems of athletes' knowledge as possible. I omitted documents representing elements of advisory systems in: the highly technical areas, the physical sciences, and professional areas (such as law, medicine, architecture, and business). I am not qualified to evaluate documents in those fields and take Patrick Wilson's advice to refer users of this bibliography to professional advisors for expertise in these areas. I omitted works of fiction and materials designed for children and young adults. Items which are included range from those appropriate for the educated general reader to scholarly works for the graduate student level. I included quite a few biographies because they provide information not only about the athlete, but also insight into many of the other aspects of athletics as well. Interestingly, more of the public library biographies available were for children than for adults. A section on athletics related organizations is included because organizations such as governing bodies are very important in athletics, as in any sport. Governing bodies set the rules of competition and judge the results. Indeed, no athletic achievement, no matter how exceptional, constitutes a record unless it takes place in a competition which has been sanctioned by an official track and field governing organization. Format of the Bibliography Video resources are placed at the beginning of the list because this medium is the most appropriate documentary representation of athletic knowledge - that knowledge being practical, dynamic, and performance based. While there are fewer videos than books on the list, the videos do contain depictions of the aesthetic, historical, sociological, biographical, and skill/techniques elements of athletics. The bibliographic entries generally follow the MLA format, except that I added notations of the length of the work (books and videos), I noted what types of illustrations the books contained, and told if a book had a bibliography or index. In the annotations I abbreviate track and field as t-and-f. Wilson, Patrick. Public Knowledge, Private Ignorance: Toward a Library and Information Policy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977. VIDEOS Chariots of Fire. Dir. Hugh Hudson. 1981. (123 minutes, color) Winner of the Oscar for Best Picture, this beautifully filmed movie tells the story of the rivalry between Harold Abrahams and Eric Liddell (although not in a strictly factual manner). Contains fine acting by Ben Cross and Ian Charlson, in the lead roles and an inspiring sound track composed by Vangelis Papathanassiou. A marvelous celebration of running. Olympiad. Dir. Bud Greenspan. Bud Greenspan, 1976. Paramount, 1988. (22 cassettes @ 46 minutes, black & white and color) This Emmy Award winning set of documentaries is predominantly about great moments and outstanding athletes in track and field. The track and field related titles include: The African Runners: Kip Keino, Abebe Bikila, and Mamo Wolde. The Australians: Ron Clarle, Herb Elliott, and John Landy. The Decathlon: Bruce Jenner, Jim Thorpe, Bob Mathias, Bill Tumey and Daley Thompson. The winner of the decathlon is considered the finest all around male athlete in the world. This video includes interviews with Jenner and Thompson. The event footage really capture the excitement of the competition. The East Europeans: Dana and Emil Zatopek. The Big One That Got Away: Dave Sine, sprinter. The East Germans: Waldemar Cierpinski. The 800 Meters: Dave Wottle, Tom Courtney, Peter Snell, Alberto Juantorena, Steve Ovett, and Joachim Cruz. The Fastest Men in the World: Harold Abrahams, Eric Liddell, Bob Hayes, Jim Hines, Valery Borzov, and Carl Lewis. The 1500 Meters: Paavo Nurmi, Kip Keino, Jim Ryun, Sebastian Coe, and Peter Rono. The Incredible Five: Emil Zatopek, Paavo Nurmi, Al Oerter and Fanny Blankers-Koen. Jesse Owens Returns to Berlin. The great Jesse Owens recounts how he won four gold medals at Hitler's 1936 Olympics. The 1936 footage appears to be largely from Leni Riefenstahl's Olympia. Owens explains not only why so many of national teams appear to be giving the Nazi salute in the opening ceremonies he also highlight his friendship with a German competitor - two aspects certainly missing from Riefenstahl's documentary. The Magnificent Ones: Lasse Viren. The Marathon: Dorando Pietri, Frank Shorter, Abebe Bikila, Joan Benoit Samuelson, Rosa Mota, Carlos Lopes, and Gelindo Bordin. The Persistent Ones: Alain Mimoun, marathoner, and Percy Williams, sprinter. The Rare Ones: Harrison Dillard, hurdler, and Irena Szewinska. The Soviet Athlete. They Didn't Have A Chance. Women Gold-Medal Winners: Babe Didriksen Zaharias, Fanny Blankers-Koen, Micheline Ostemeyer, Wynona Tyus and Wilma Rudolph. This one covers outstanding women, beginning with Elizabeth Robinson, who at age sixteen became the first female Olympic gold medal winner in the first Olympic games in which women were allowed to compete. Includes interviews with some of the athletes and beautiful footage of their performances. Olympia: Part 1 - Festival of the People, Part 2 - Festival of Beauty. Dir. Leni Riefenstahl. Olympia-Film GmbH, 1938. (201 minutes, black & white). This documentary of the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin is widely considered to be the standard by which all sports documentary films are judged. Although it was commissioned as a propaganda piece by Hitler, this film far transcends mere propaganda. Dave Kuehls, in Runner's World, called it "mystical, poetic, controversial. . . ." The film opens with scene of nude athlete on location in Greece, lighting the Olympic torch to be brought to Berlin. According to Zucker and Babish, in Sports Films, "Riefenstahl devised a number of techniques that were unique for the time. For the 100-yard dash, she had the camera mounted on a rail alongside the track to keep up with the runners." Part 1 concentrates on track and field events, focusing on Jesse Owens and Korean marathoner, Keiti Son. Part 2 contains much footage of track and field events and of other sports including a long, beautiful diving sequence, made possible by Riefenstahl's innovative filming techniques. The beauty of the sport and of the athlete's body shines through in this film. Track and Field Coaching By the Expert Olympic Team Coaches (three cassettes @ about 40 minutes, color) The Athletic Institute, 1990. Part I - Running Events features Dr. LeRoy Walker (sprints and hurdles), Larry Ellis (relays), and Stan Huntsman and Terry Crawford (middle and long distances). Part II - Jumping Events has Tom Tellez coaching. A video representation like this has to be the best way, if not the only way, to understand the inexplicable triple jump. Part III - Throwing Events has Tom Pagani coaching. This set of coaching/training videos presents t-and-f techniques in dynamic visual representation by athlete with narrated descriptions by past and present Olympic team coaches. The coaches note common faults and athletes demonstrate the suggested correcting drills. Coaching is geared to the elite athlete. The use of slow-motion and stop-action make this set of videos practical. The TAC (now USA Track and Field) seal of approval gives this resource additional credibility. BOOKS Bannister, Roger. The Four Minute Mile. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1955. (252 pages, black & white photos) This one is a classic. It's the fascinating account of an athlete breaking the physical and psychological barriers of the four minute mile. This well written book (by an athlete - not "with" a co-writer) is especially eye-opening in its depiction of the athletic scene in the late 40's- early 50's. In those days, before over-commercialization, athletics had a somewhat "gentlemen's sport" aura. Indeed, Bannister considered running to be secondary to his pursuit of a medical career. Though a collegiate runner and member of a track team, Bannister did not have a coach. Bannister relates how he learned from other athletes and from experience. A good writer, he captures the excitement of his breakthrough race. Benoit, Joan and Sally Baker. Running Tide. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987. (214 pages, black & white photos) "Autobiography of Benoit, later Joan Samuelson, the first women's Olympic gold medalist in the marathon, 1984" (Kuykendall). Butt, Dorcas Susan. The Psychology of Sports: The Behavior, Motivation, Personality and Performance of Athletes. New York: VanNostrand Reinhold Company, 1987. (342 pages, chart illustrations, bibliography, name and subject indices) An explanation of sports psychology for researchers, professionals, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates. This work includes motivation theory (illustrated by chart "model of levels of motivation"), the personality of the athlete, sex roles in sport, psychological help for athletes, and the sociology of sport. The sociology section deals with sports as a social institution and as distinct sub-culture and also considers the both the cross cultural and global aspects of sociology as related to sport. Butt is Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of British Columbia, with a PhD. in clinical psychology. She's a former tennis player, was nationally ranked in Canada and played on the international circuit. Cahn, Susan K. Coming On Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Women's Sport. New York: The Free Press, Macmillan, Inc., 1994. (358 pages, photographs, extensive bibliography, index) In what began as her PhD. dissertation for the University of Minnesota, Cahn records the history of women's sport. She relates how, through sport, women's gender and sexuality have been culturally constructed. While not confined to t-and-f, the book does some focusing on black t- and-f athletes. Cahn takes a social history perspective as she covers issues of race, class, and gender. Publisher's Weekly (3 Jan. 1994) declared Coming On Strong "a winner." Kathy Ruffle, writing in Library Journal (1 Feb. 1994) called it "scholarly" and recommended it for "all academic libraries, community college through graduate level." Per Ruffle, "The copious notes are a researcher's gold mine." Calhoun, Donald W. Sport, Culture, and Personality 2nd Edition. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. 1981. (380 pages, bibliography, index) Calhoun's book runs the gamut from the history of sport in society (from ancient to modern times) to sport and social organization and the social psychology of sport. Not solely about t-and-f participants, but applicable to them. Chapter 16, Athlete and Spectator deals with athlete- spectator interrelationship. Calhoun is a professor at the University of Miami. Derderian, Tom. Boston Marathon: The First Century of the World's Premier Running Event, Centennial Race Edition. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics, 1996. (635 pages, black & white photos, appendix, bibliography, index) Contains forwards by Joan Benoit Samuelson and Bill Rogers. This book looks at the styles and personalities of the athletes as well as recounting the history of the Boston Marathon. Derderian is an "insider" having been a marathoner, a coach, and a member of both the Greater Boston Track Club and Boston Athletic Club, Vice President of USA Track and Field, and working for many years in the research, design, and development of athletic equipment. The author relates marathon lore in an engaging way that puts the reader into the race. Doherty, Ken. The Track and Field Omnibook, Fourth Edition. Los Altos, California: Tafnews Press, 1985. (514 pages, line drawings and black & white photos, appendix, bibliography, name index, subject index, English- metric measurements conversion chart) Doherty's masterpiece is geared toward the coach. It contains detailed analytical chapters on each t-and-f event, including: history, techniques, training, common faults, possible improvements, and outstanding performers. Of particular interest is Part One: The Human Side of Coaching, Chapter 1 - The Development of Track Knowledge. A weakness of the book its appalling typeface. Hagwell, Stephen, ed. 1996 NCAA Track & Field/Cross Country Men's and Women's Rules. Overland Park, Kansas: NCAA, 1995. (240 pages, line diagrams, index) Covers both administrative rules and rules of conduct for college level athletics. Major rules changes are highlighted and cross-referenced to the pertinent sections and articles. Contains all the details, large, small, and minute: construction of facilities, equipment specification, meet personnel requirements, meet requirements, definition of and rules for the track events, the field events, and the indoor events. Hanley, Reid M. Who's Who in Track and Field. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1973. (160 pages) A little book, with a wealth of information, it contains brief biographies of 240 great male and female athletes, both American and international. Needs to be updated, but still good for 1973 and before. Hendershott, Jon. Track's Greatest Women. Los Altos, CA: Tafnews Press, 1987. (245 pages, black & white photos) Recounts the lives and athletic careers of fifteen outstanding women and gives brief profiles of 100 others. The book is international in scope and is full of facts on rankings vital statistics, and honors won. This work is the female counterpart to Track's Greatest Champions. Jacoby, Ed. Applied Techniques in Track & Field. New York: Leisure Press, 1983. (line drawings, black & white photos, bibliography) This book is by a coach, for coaches. Jacoby, three- time "Coach of the Year", Big Sky Conference, and was "Outstanding Educator of the Year" in 1972, was motivated to write the book by his love and enthusiasm for the sport. It covers all the events and includes a chapter by Bill Bakley on the decathlon. Jacoby, while admitting to be an amateur in the scientific aspects of t-and-field (physiology, psychology, and bio-mechanics), writes about what he has learned in these areas as they apply to helping athletes develop their skills. Jarver, Jess, ed. The Throws. Los Altos, CA: Tafnews Press, 1985. (158 pages, line drawings, black & white photos) The Throws is a compilation of previously published scholarly articles written by an international array of experts. Contains detailed information on conditioning and technique. Jarver, Jess, ed. The Jumps: Contemporary Theory, Techniques, and Training. Mountain View, CA: Tafnews Press, 1994. (126 pages, line drawing, black & white photos) This is the jumps counterpart to The Throws, immediately above and has the same format. Lewis, Carl, and Jeffrey Marx. Inside Track: My Professional Life in Amateur Track and Field. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990. (240 pages, photos, index) T-and-f greatness was Carl Lewis' destiny: he was born to athlete/coach parents and even met legendary Jesse Owens a decade before receiving an award named for that 1936 Olympic great. At the time of writing, Lewis held six Olympic gold medals. Writing with Pulitzer Prize journalist, Marx, Carl Lewis exposes the seamier aspects of the sociology of t-and-f: illegal college recruiting, paid "amateurs," and illegal performance enhancing drugs. Reviews of this book were generally favorable, for the information it reveals about the sport. Per Merrill Noden, (Sports Illustrated, 16 July 1990) unfortunately the book is more about self-justification than self-exploration or exploration of the methods of his track success. Most reviewers wished Lewis had told more about himself and his techniques and had complained less about the media and his inability to capitalize more off the sport. Lowe, Benjamin. The Beauty of Sport: a cross-disciplinary inquiry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1977. (327 pages, black & white illustrations and photos, bibliography, index) Few authors have approached sport as art, with beauty rather than violence being the social value. Choice magazine (June 1977) said, "Lowe ingeniously focuses attention on the aesthetic value of sport. He introduces an alternate way of looking at sport as well as participating. Sport can be viewed aesthetically for the exhilarating and exciting action of great athletes; the author also points out how sport can be viewed personally, by searching through ways of self-expressions through physical activity, and cites the joy one amy achieve from putting forth a great physical effort. Superlative bibliographical references are found at the conclusion of the book. This is a great book that is most valuable at the graduate level but is also useful for advanced undergraduates." Lucas, John. The Modern Olympic Games. Cranbury, NJ: A.S. Barnes & Co., Inc., 1980. (242 pages, black & white photos, index) A definitive work. Because t-and-f is the center of the Olympic Games, an understanding of the modern Olympics is an essential component of the structure of the knowledge of athletes. Nelson, Cordner. The Jim Ryun Story. Los Altos, CA: Tafnews Press, 1967. (272 pages, black & white photos) Nelson wrote Ryun's biography with the close collaboration of both athlete and his coach, Bob Timmons. "Written soon after Ryun's first 3:51.3 world record for the mile. Considered one of the classic books of track. In addition to chronicling Ryun, who was an icon for many aspiring young distance runners of the time, this book is of some historical value in detailing the circumstances and tidbits about other of Ryun's miler contemporaries of the time" (Nicholson). Cordner Nelson is co-founder and editor of Track and Field News. - - -. Track's Greatest Champions. Los Altos, CA: Tafnews Press, 1986. (385 pages, black & white photos) An updated, expanded version of Nelson's Track and Field: The Great Ones, originally published in England in 1970. It contains twenty-one biographies of the greatest (male) athletes. It also has a supplementary section of 257 capsule profiles of other t-and-f greats. This is the male counterpart of Track's Greatest Women. - - - and Roberto Quercetani. The Milers. Los Altos, CA: Tafnews Press, 1985. (543 pages, black & white photos) The history of the milers from ancient times through January, 1985. Special focus on Paavo Nurmi (Finland), Jack Lovelock and Peter Snell (New Zealand), Gunder Hagg and Arne Anderson (Sweden), Roger Bannister (England), Herb Elliott (Australia), and Jim Ryun (United States). All about the mystique of the mile run. Though it covers men only, this book is international in scope and full of facts and lore. Nixon, Howard L. II. Sport and the American Dream. New York: Leisure Press, 1984. (264 pages, name index, subject index) Explores the myths and reality of the role of sport in the American consciousness. Sport is used as a vehicle foe understanding the pursuit of the American version of success. Emphasis on t-and-f is found in a subsection of Chapter 5, Professional and Olympic Sports in the United States. Nixon is associate professor, Department of Sociology, University of Vermont, teaching sport sociology. He has also written for The Review of Sport & Leisure and The Journal of Sport and Social Issues. Payne, Howard, ed. Athletes in Action: The Official International Athletic Federation Book of Track and Field Techniques. London: Pelham Books, Ltd., 1985. (317 pages, line drawings, charts, black & white and color photo sequences) Good to have when a dynamic medium like video isn't available or practical. Draws upon the expertise of t-and-f experts from around the world. Its explicit purpose is to fill the gap of the technical aspects of t-and-f events for the advanced athlete in order to improve athletic performance. The IAAF stamp means this is official. Quercetani, Roberto. Athletics: A History of Modern Track and Field Athletics (1860-1990) Men & Women. Milan, Italy: Nallardi & Associati, 1990. (322 pages, black & white drawing and photos and color photos, appendix of record performances) A beautiful and exhaustive history devoted to t-and-f. Numerous sidebars include interesting anecdotes. An authoritative work. Journalist Quercetani is European editor of Track & Field News (USA) and co-compiles its yearly "World Ranking." He also helped found and lead the Association of Track and Field Statisticians. Rogers, Bill and Joe Concannon. Marathoning. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992. (345 pages, black & white photos) Autobiographical account tells how Rogers went from being a so-so high school runner to become the only man to win three major marathons: Boston, New York, and Fukuoka. Tells how he trains and runs. Also includes Rogers' views on sportsmanship, coaching, and the politics of athletics. Shorter, Frank and Marc Bloom. Olympic Gold: A Runner's Life and Times. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984. (258 pages, black & white photos, appendix) In 1972, Shorter became the first American marthoner to win an Olympic gold medal since 1908. Many credit this win, and Shorter's subsequent career with popularizing running in this country. Olympic Gold tells about his training, techniques, his career, as well as thoughts about other runners and the sport in general. Favorably reviewed: Library Journal (1 June 1984) recommended Olympic Gold for public libraries but Kirkus Review (1 May 1984) thought it not so much for the general reader, calling it, "Enlightening for the pre-attuned." Track & Field News. Track & Field News's Big Red Book. Los Altos, CA: Tafnews Press. I did not see a copy of this to review, but it was recommended by both Nicholson and Kuykendall as a reference for running track meets. "Detailed scoring tables for the ten events of the men's decathlon dn the seven events of the women's heptathlon. Detailed metric-imperial conversion tables for the jumping and throwing events. Basic track and field rules and equipment specifications. Notes on automatic versus hand timing and the effects of wind and altitude. Other useful metric-imperial conversions, including metric mile (1500 meters) and mile (1609+ meters)equivalencies. Lap pacing tables. Altitude of stadiums at selected cities, given in both meters and feet" (Kuykendall). The Big Red Book is readily available from Tafnews Press. Zucker, Harvey Marc and Lawrence J. Babish. Sports Films: A Complete Reference. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1987. (612 pages, indexes) Contains chapters on all the major sports. Olympics and track and field are treated in the same chapter - its seventeen pages include quality films as well as some which are "on the fringe," according to the authors. Good resource for the history and aesthetics of athletics, and history of the social roles of athletes. MAGAZINE ARTICLES Kuehls, Dave. "Rated R. For 'Running,' that is. The complete history of road-rack videos, Olympic documentaries and big- screen feature films about running." Runner's World Dec. 1992: 76-81. Kuehls reviews about forty videos/films in this article, and awards gold medals to the best ones. The byline states that Kuehls, "a runner and writer from Akron, Ohio, is faster than Roger Ebert. JOURNALS/MAGAZINES American Track & Field. Madison, WI: Shooting Star Media, Inc. http:www.runningnetwork.com/members/atf/index.html Available free to every head track and cross country coach who requests the magazine from Shooting Star (583 D'Onofrio Dr., Suite 203, Madison, WI 53719). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics Pub. Inc., quarterly plus annual supplement. The official publication of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity. Journal of Sport and Social Issues. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, quarterly. The official journal of the Center for the Study of Sport in Society. Runner's World. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, monthly. http://www.runnersworld.com. Primarily for the middle-distance (8000-3000 meter) and distance runner (3000 meter - marathon). Sports Illustrated. New York: TIME, Inc., weekly. Covers all sports. Some coverage for t-and-f, particularly Olympic Games. Track & Field News. Mountain View, CA: Track & Field News, monthly. Definitely a key resource. Founded by brothers Bert and Cordner Nelson in 1948, Track & Field News is the "bible of the sport." It offers worldwide coverage of athletics including: schedules of events, qualifying standards for events, and records of achievement at levels high school through international. "January lists the top fifty world and U.S. performers for the preceding year in order of running or hurdling time, jumping or throwing distance, or decathlon or heptathlon scores, covering both the men's and women's events. March contains an outdoor season preview, particularly a detailed collegiate preview, and lists current track and field records (world, American, etc.). April or May gives the results of the collegiate and U.S. indoor championships. July or August, or sometimes September, moves to the results of the collegiate and U.S. outdoor championships, or the U.S. Olympic Trials. September or October will feature a preview of the World Championships in odd-numbered years or the Olympic Games in Olympic Years. October of November than has the results of the World Championships or Olympic Games, if any. November to January have annual national high school rankings and reports on collegiate recruiting. More generally, the magazine covers almost every important domestic and foreign meet, and sometimes more obscure meets if a significant performance occurs there. It has photographs, sports stories, biographical pieces, and interviews, with segments addressing foreign, U.S., collegiate, high school, road running, and cross country competition. The magazine is a gateway to mail-order publication of Tafnews Press, its publishing wing" (Kuykendall). USA Thrower. Baldwinsville, NY, bi-monthly. "For the athlete, coach, or fan who is interested in the shot put, discus throw, hammer throw, javelin throw, or throwing events of the men's decathlon or women's heptathlon. Advertised regularly in Track & Field News. Apparently there are no counterparts for the hurdling or jumping events" (Kuykendall). TRACK & FIELD RELATED ORGANIZATIONS Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) AAU House 3400 West 86 St. Indianapolis, IN 46268 Promotes amateur athletics for people of all ages, in or out of school. * * * Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America P.O. Box 3 Centerville, MA 02632 508/771-9481 Sponsors intercollegiate competition in cross country, indoor and outdoor track. * * * International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) 17, rue Princesse-Florestine BP 359 98007 Monte Carlo, Monaco http://www.wca95.telia.se/iaaf/index.htm The world governing body for t-and-f athletics. Helps organize the Olympics, Pan American Games, and the Commonwealth Games. * * * International Olympic Committee Chateau de Vidy CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland * * * National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) 6120 South Yale Ave., Suite 1450 Tulsa, OK 74136-4223 918/494-8828 * * * National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) 6201 College Blvd. Overland Park, KS 66211-2422 913/339-1906 * * * National Federation of State High School Associations (NFSHSA) P.O. Box 20626 Kansas City, MO 64195 816/464-5400 * * * National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) P.O. Box 7305 Colorado Springs, CO 80933-7305 719/590-9788 * * * Track & Field NCAA Division I Coaches Association c/o Beverly Kearney University of Texas at Austin Bellmont 718 Austin, TX 78712 * * * Track & Field Writers of America P.O. Box 5401 San Mateo, CA 94402 415/345-4114 * * * United States Track Coaches Association 1330 N.W. 6th St., Ste. D Gainesville, FL 32601 904/955-2120 Represents all levels of cross country and t-and-f coaches. USA Track & Field One RCA Dome, Ste. 140 Indianapolis, IN 46206-0102 317/261-0500 http://www.usatf.org/ Formerly, The Athletic Congress (TAC). Promotes amateur athletics throughout the U.S. The national governing body for t-and-f, long distance running, and race walking. Establishes rules, maintains standards, and issues sanctions for competition. Is the U.S. member of the IAAF. * * * United States Olympic Committee (USOC) One Olympic Plaza Colorado Springs, CO 80909 719/632-5551 INTERNET RESOURCES American Track & Field Home Page - http://www.runningnetwork.com/members/atf/index.html This is the online version of American Track & Field magazine, both of which are available free to head track and cross country coaches. Visit the home page for instructions on how to subscribe. Athletics Home Page - http://www.hkkk.fi/~niininen/athl.html Athletics Home Page was awarded the Top 5% rating by Point in February 1996. "Up to date world and world junior records. National records from over thirty countries" (Kuykendall). The IAAF Home Page - http://www.wca95.telia.se/iaaf/index.htm The IAAF is the highest authority on athletics in the world. Its home page includes a link to IAAF's official list of world records - key information for athletes. Do It Sports (DIS) Running - http://www.doitsports.com/running "Timely coverage of athletes who have achieved recent breakthroughs or surprise performances. Quest columns by selected runners, in some cases with question-and-answer opportunities. The major electronic source (go to News) for t-and-f results form recent high school, collegiate, and elite meets, including elite foreign meets" (Kuykendall). Master's Track & Field Home Page - http://members.aol.com/masterstf/home.html News for and about Masters level athletes. t-and-f mailing list This very active listserver was founded for the purposes of sharing results, information, insights, and opinions about elite level track and field and its associated sports: cross country, road racing, marathoning and ultra-marathoning, and race walking (ie. anything that falls under the jurisdiction of the IAAF, USATF, or other national athletics governing bodies. Postings run the gamut from practical ("I need a ride to such and such track meet.") to ongoing discussions of controversial issues (doping, for example). The subscribers, both athletes and spectators are enthusiastic and knowledgeable. This mailing list is informative and lots of fun. To subscribe to the t-and-f mailing list, email to "majordomo@lists.uoregon.edu". Leave the subject area blank. In the body of the message place the command: subscribe t-and-f. Confirmation arrives by email. Archives of the list are located at: the t-and-f mailing list archive - http://www.dsv.su.se/~matti-hu/track.html The Thrower's Page - http://www.geocities.com/colosseum/3027/throhome.html Devoted to the athletics of t-and-f throwing events: shot put, discus throw, hammer throw, and javelin throw. Contains links to related publications and organizations. USA Track & Field Home Page - http://www.usatf.org/ USA Track & Field (USATF) is the national governing body for track and field, long distance running, race walking, and cross country. USATF is also the United States' member of the International Amateur Athletic Federation, the world body for athletics, as well as a member of the U.S. Olympic Committee. Home page includes valuable links. USA Track and Field Pole Vault Page - http://condor.stcould.msus.edu/~khanson/ Similar to the USATF Home Page except dedicated to pole vaulting. USA Track & Field Long Distance Running Pages - http://www.usaldr.org/ Similar to the USATF Home Page except devoted to long distance running. SPECIAL LIBRARIES National Track & Field Hall of Fame Historical Research Library Rare Books and Special Collections Irvin Library Butler University 4600 Sunset Ave. Indianapolis, IN 46208 317/940-9265 Olympic Training Center Resource Center United States Olympic Training Center One Olympic Plaza Colorado Springs, CO 80909-5760 719/578-4622